Sleep Fragmentation Or Interruption - 1884 Words

Abstract Sleep fragmentation or interruption is a result of many common disorders such as sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Rats in this experiment are wakened every two minutes by turning on a slow-moving treadmill for thirty seconds. As seen in this experiment, while sleep fragmentation does not affect NREM sleep, it interrupts normal sleep by reducing REM sleep, and thus its respective restoring benefits. Spatial mapping by the hippocampus will be tested after 24-hour periods of sleep interruption by observing rats in the Morris water maze. Introduction While much research has been conducted regarding sleep deprivation Tatar J, et al. 2006 demonstrates the results of sleep†¦show more content†¦Procedure Rats were put inside of a cage in which the floor is a treadmill. Two days before the experiment, the rats were conditioned to the movement of the treadmills by turning the treadmills on and off in intervals of five minutes for one hour each day. To measure electroencephalograph readings during the experiment, the rats underwent surgery under anesthesia so that the electrode could be attached to its brain in the appropriate locations. Rats had five days to get used to the cables and the treadmill cage environment. On the sixth day, EEG recordings were made for a 24-hour period to calibrate the EEG’s baseline. Some rats were aestheticized and killed after the sleep interruption portion of the experiment, and the brains were removed for testing in which will not be addressed in this paper. During the experi ment, the treadmill’s belt was programmed to run at a speed of 0.02 m/s, which were shown to cause consistent awakenings. The belt would run for 30 seconds, then stop, wait for 90 seconds, and then start running again. Therefore, the rats were interrupted from their slumber every two minutes, or 30 times an hour. There was a set of rats used as a control group. The belts for this group would run for 10 minutes, then stop for 30 minutes, then start again. In this way, there was an

The War Of The Nineteenth Century - 1553 Words

Tsar Alexander II was assassinated during the midst of a reformation movement in Russia toward the end of the nineteenth century. At this time, the Russian lower class blamed Jews for their poor living conditions. When Tsar Alexander III came into power he was paranoid of being a target of an assassination. So he created a secret police to suppress civil and revolutionary outbreaks, and also introduced anti-Semitic legislations to satisfy the enraged lower class. Government officials managed to use Jews as scapegoats, often saying that Jews exploited the population, especially the impoverished classes. This anti-Semitic movement led to unity in the lower class, and from this unity, anti-Semitic nationalism increased in late nineteenth century Russia. During the end of the eighteenth century, there were approximately two million Jews scattered throughout Europe. But, by 1914, the number of Jews in Europe had grown to over nine million. In the nineteenth century, Jewish communities could be found in England, France, the Netherlands, Italy, and other Western European countries, but the central Jewish population was located in the Russian Empire with about five million Jews. This large Jewish-Russian population was caused by a large numbers of Jews emigrating from countries, like England, France, or Spain, which had created an expulsion of Jews during medieval conflicts. These Jews migrated eastward and began to inhabit Eastern Europe. Initially, Jews were welcome in RussianShow MoreRelatedBenefits from the Nineteenth Century were Unraveled by World War I912 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades of the nineteenth century benefited from the fruits of artistic innovation, technological achievement, and international exchange. Unfortunately, th is rich fabric of culture seemed to unravel in the Great War. During this time, many people questioned the ideas and achievements of the past, hoping to find answers that would guide them in the face of an uncertain future (The Humanities pg 1115). Artists and writers were among those who challenged the traditions of the previous centuries, and theyRead More7. How Have Australian Governments Responded to the Indigenous Population in Either the Nineteenth or the Twentieth Century?And4. How Has War Shaped Australia in the Twentieth Century?2982 Words   |  12 Pages4. How has war shaped Australia in the twentieth century? Australia has been shaped through war since soldiers set to the First World War right up until the now with the war in Afghanistan. Aspects that made it controversial ideas from being a colony of Britain and the politics that came with it, development of treaties with other countries, social groups, and family honour. Being that Australia was apart of the British monarchy Australia sent many thousands of troops to fight for Britain duringRead MoreThe Division Of The Nineteenth Century1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe Perpetuated Division in the Nineteenth Century The nineteenth century was an era that a lot of memorable history events had happened. Race, place, gender and class have been perpetuated in this century and have influenced the society from then. White people were obviously living better than black people; big cities always offered more opportunities and chances for people to find jobs; males were admittedly getting jobs easier and having higher salaries than females at that time; people who wereRead MoreHope in The Nineteenth Century in Europe1598 Words   |  6 Pages1.Hope During the Nineteenth Century in Europe it has been described as a time of hope and rightfully so because of all the new ideas flowing around the continent. Ideas of a world without monarchs and a government run by the people for the people. France showed it was possible and other European countries attempted to follow along but what about the rest of the world. Maybe this century was not filled with hope maybe something else. Possibly this century was filled with the sense of European powerhousesRead MoreForces for and against Black Freedom731 Words   |  3 Pages Forces for Against Black Freedom The era of eighteenth and ninetieth century was full of uncertainty and fear for many. It is the results of decisions that were taken during this period which not only helped in shaping the America today but also changed the outlook of many other countries. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there were many forces and institutions activate who were playing role in the freedom of blacks. Other than the international forces, the most influential institutionsRead MoreMinstrel Shows and Theater856 Words   |  3 PagesThe 19th century was a time period full of disagreements and wishful thinking. During this time, African Americans were trying to become free from slavery. This led to a Civil War. The 1800’s were a hard time for African Americans, after the Civil War many expressed their thoughts and feelings through plays like Minstrel Shows and other forms of theatre. During this time period, America was in the middle of its Industrial Revolution. It was the beginning of the growth of the infrastructure forRead MoreUnequal Rights For Women And Gender Inequality1732 Words   |  7 Pageswomen and gender inequality have been a plague across European society since the dawn of time. It was not until the late eighteenth century that women’s rights activists, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, began to take action against this inequality. Through the perseverance of these activists, major reforms for equality began to arise during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, both being time periods that marked a profound era for women and the progression of women’s rights. During this time women’s rightsRead MoreWest Africa during the Nineteenth Century1563 Words   |  7 Pagesof vast growth in the industry towards the end of the eighteenth century. They now had to focus on more lawful, legitimate means of trading. The types of industry t hat often replaced the slave trade were produce based, agricultural goods such as palm oil. The potential problems faced by traders were ‘exacerbated by the fact that it coincided with other problems for West Africa’s external trade.’ This refers to the Anglo-French wars which made the demand for West African exports very unreliable. TheRead MoreCriticalpaper And A Rose For Emily1653 Words   |  7 Pages During the nineteenth century, many women were pressured to fit into their societal roles. Both Charlotte Perkins Gilman and William Faulkner wrote stories inspired by those nineteenth-century social issues. Even though Faulkner wrote his story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, 40 years after Gilman’s story, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-paper†, both stories portray several types of nineteenth-century social issues accurately. Because of their knowledge about these social issues, Gilman and Faulkner were able toRead MoreNationalism in 18th Centur y Europe1763 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout  the  nineteenth  century  three  political  ideals  began  influencing  states  and  their   citizens  like  no  other  ideals  had  done  before.  These  ideals  were  liberalism,  socialism  and,  the   most  important,  nationalism.  Each  one  possessed  its  own  uniqueness  which  inspired  mass   followings  of  people  that  would  last  thoroughly  into  the  twentieth  century.  Each  one  also  proved   to  form  a  catalyst  for  the  modernisation  of  many  European  countries.  However,  in  comparison,   none  of  these  ideals  had  the  impact  that  the  nationalistic  approach  had

University of Chicago Question why Nader Namini Asl free essay sample

Looking through name of these colleges and what the students ho are currently attending it are saying about them on the Quest Bridge, University Of Chicago was the top college among the class Of 2018 and 2017. This significant rate of appreciation that students had for Chicago and its lifestyle gave me an insight of what learning at and attending Chicago will look like and whether or not it will be a good fit for my character.Therefore, I started to have conversations and interactions with students currently attending Chicago more closely and they gave information about their experience at Chicago and how it has impacted their character, in a positive way. Life at Chicago is not focused on academics and while there is a Core curriculum, you have the opportunity to get involved in extracurricular activities that will make you familiar with the college, they said.Having researched about Chassiss academic level and performances, I was astounded to find out that such a top-notch university in academics creates such a flexible lifestyle for its students, so that while pursuing their passion, they can enjoy their time at the college. We will write a custom essay sample on University of Chicago Question why Nader Namini Asl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My ambitious character has always sought a place where it would be most valued and free to strive and make its best effort. University of Chicago, with its friendly and ebullient environment, offers a community in which I can thrive and make my best efforts to achieve academic and non-academic accomplishments.My main reason to migrate to the US has been to seek a place where my learning is not bounded to any limits and is affecting my character and personality in a positive way. Therefore, having a diverse environment, university of Chicago and its community have the capability to affect and impact my character through interactions with other intellectually-stimulated students and the learning environment created by them and my own desires.